Portuguese [electronic resource] : a reference manual / Sheila R. Ackerlind, Rebecca Jones-Kellogg.

The Portuguese-Speaking WorldPreface and AcknowledgementsAbbreviations, Symbols, and Diacritical MarksPhonetic SymbolsLinguistic and Grammatical Terms in English and PortugueseDefinitions of Linguistic and Grammatical TermsOrthographic ReformsSound System Oral VowelsOral DiphthongsNasal VowelsNasal DiphthongsPortuguese and Corresponding Spanish Vowels and DiphthongsConsonantsWriting System and Accentuation AlphabetLetters Used to Transcribe Portuguese SoundsCapitalizationPunctuation Marks and Commonly Used Typographic SymbolsDiacritical MarksSyllables and Word DivisionStress and Accentuation Words Stressed on the Second-to-Last Syllable (Proparoxytones)Words Stressed on the Next-to-Last Syllable (Paroxytones)Words Stressed on the Last Syllable (Oxytones)Portuguese, Spanish, and English Cognates CognatesPortuguese and Corresponding Spanish and English Sounds and LettersPortuguese and Corresponding Spanish Sounds and LettersPortuguese and Corresponding Spanish and English PrefixesPortuguese and Corresponding Spanish and English SuffixesDifferences in Stress between Portuguese and Spanish CognatesTrue, Partial, and False CognatesGrammatical Categories Articles Definite and Indefinite ArticlesContractions of Prepositions with ArticlesNouns and Adjectives AdjectivesPlural of Nouns and AdjectivesGender of Nouns and AdjectivesDifferences in Gender between Portuguese and Spanish Noun CognatesPlacement of Adjectives with NounsDiminutives and AugmentativesNumbers and NumeralsAdverbsComparatives and Superlatives Comparisons of EqualityComparisons of Superiority and InferiorityRelative SuperlativesAbsolute SuperlativesPersonal Pronouns Subject PronounsForms of AddressPrepositional Pronouns and Contractions with PrepositionsDirect Object PronounsIndirect Object PronounsPlacement of Object PronounsReflexive Pronouns and VerbsPossessive Adjectives and PronounsDemonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns Contractions of Prepositions with DemonstrativesRelative WordsInterrogative WordsAffirmative, Negative, and Indefinite WordsPrepositions Verbs and Corresponding PrepositionsConjunctionsVerbs Impersonal and Personal InfinitivePast Participle and Compound Tenses and FormsPassive VoiceIndicative Mood Present Tense FormsUsesPresent Perfect TenseImperfect (Preterite Imperfect) Tense FormsUsesPreterite (Preterite Perfect) Tense FormsUsesPreterite versus ImperfectSimple and Compound Past Perfect (Pluperfect) TenseFuture TenseFuture Perfect TenseConditional TenseConditional Perfect TenseSubjunctive Mood Present TensePresent Perfect TensePast (Imperfect) TensePast Perfect (Pluperfect) TenseFuture TenseFuture Perfect TenseSubjunctive in Subordinate Clauses Subjunctive in Noun ClausesSubjunctive in Adjective ClausesSubjunctive in Adverb ClausesSubjunctive in Conditional SentencesSubjunctive in Common ExpressionsPresent Participle and Progressive Tenses and FormsImperative MoodImpersonal Verbs and ExpressionsVerbs That Take an Indirect Object without a Direct ObjectSer versus EstarFicarTer and HaverHaver and Fazer in Expressions of TimeAcabarSaber versus ConhecerVerb and Other Grammar Charts Regular Verbs: Derivation of Tenses and FormsRegular VerbsIrregular VerbsVerb Tenses and Forms Present IndicativeImperfect (Preterite Imperfect) IndicativePreterite (Preterite Perfect) IndicativeSimple Past Perfect (Pluperfect) IndicativeFuture IndicativeConditionalPresent SubjunctivePast (Imperfect) SubjunctiveFuture SubjunctivePersonal InfinitivePast ParticipleCompound TensesPresent Participle and Progressive TensesImperative (Command Forms)Verbs and Expressions That Require the SubjunctivePersonal Pronouns and PossessivesContractions of Direct with Indirect Object PronounsDemonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns, and ContractionsContractions of PrepositionsRelative WordsInterrogative WordsAffirmative and Negative WordsIndefinite WordsIrregular Comparatives and Relative Superlatives"Synthetic" Absolute Superlative AdjectivesAdverbs and Adverb PhrasesPrepositionsVerb ListWorks Consulted Reference WorksTextbooksIndex of TopicsIndex of Portuguese Words and Phrases.

This book is a guide for all who are interested in learning the Portuguese language and mastering its complexities. It supplements the phonetic and grammatical explanations offered in basic textbooks. While it focuses on Brazilian Portuguese, it incorporates European Portuguese variants and thus provides a more complete description of the language. Accessible to non-linguists and novice language learners, as well as informative for instructors of Portuguese and specialists in other languages, this guide incorporates the Orthographic Accord (in effect since 2009-2010), which attempts to standardize Portuguese orthography. The manual reflects the language as it is currently taught at both the undergraduate and graduate levels by providing detailed explanations of the sound and writing systems and the grammar of the principal Portuguese dialects. A reference guide rather than a textbook, it also provides extensive verb charts, as well as comparisons of Portuguese with English and Spanish.