Desulfurization
Introduction
Hydrodesulfurization
Thermodynamic Aspects
Kinetics of Hydrodesulfurization
Sulfur Removal during Refining
Macromolecular Concepts
Sediment Formation and Fouling
References
Feedstocks
Introduction
Natural Feedstocks
Refinery-Produced Feedstocks
Sulfur in Petroleum
Sulfur Levels and Legislative Regulations
References
Feedstock Evaluation
Introduction
Feedstock Evaluation
Chromatographic Methods
Molecular Weight
Other Properties
Use of the Data
References
Desulfurization during Refining
Introduction
Refinery Configuration
Dewatering and Desalting
Distillation
Thermal Processes
Catalytic Cracking
Hydroprocesses
Deasphalting
Feedstock Modification
References
Upgrading Heavy Feedstocks
Introduction
Thermal Processes
Catalytic Cracking Processes
Solvent Processes
Future
References
Refining Chemistry
Introduction
Cracking
Hydrogenation
Isomerization
Alkylation
Polymerization
Process Chemistry
References
Influence of Feedstock
Introduction
Chemical Composition
Physical Composition
Feedstock Types
Feedstock Composition
Product Distribution
Use of the Data
References
Desulfurization Methods
Introduction
Methods for Sulfur Removal
Molecular Imprinting Technology
Future
References
Biocatalytic Desulfurization
Introduction
Scale-Up of the Biodesulfurization Technique
Nano-Biotechnology and Biodesulfurization
Future
References
Hydrodesulfurization
Introduction
Process Description
Reactor Design
Catalysts
Catalyst Bed Plugging
Catalyst Poisoning
Process Variables
References
Desulfurization Processes-Gases
Introduction
Gas Streams
Water Removal
Liquid Removal
Nitrogen Removal
Acid Gas Removal
Enrichment
Fractionation
Claus Process
References
Desulfurization Processes-Distillates
Introduction
Commercial Processes
Gasoline and Diesel Fuel Polishing
Biodesulfurization
References
Desulfurization Processes-Heavy Feedstocks
Introduction
Process Options
Catalysts
References
Hydrogen Production and Management
Introduction
Feedstocks
Process Chemistry
Commercial Processes
Catalysts
Purification
Hydrogen Management and Safety
References
Conversion Factors